The Pain of Samples of Essay for Scholarship

The Pain of Samples of Essay for Scholarship Where to Find Samples of Essay for Scholarship There are a number of reasons why you might want to read sample scholarship essays. On our site, you will locate some scholarship essay examples about yourself. Scholarship essays are extremely similar to your college application essays with regard to strategy. Scholarship essays, as its name implies are essays required to secure a scholarship. If you would like to succeed and know how to write a scholarship essay, you also need to become familiarized with the most frequently made mistakes. Scholarship essay isn't a paper at which you can forgive yourself misspellings or formatting inaccuracy. Writing scholarship essay should be accomplished very carefully. The scholarship example essay is significantly needed in giving you the correct format to earn a scholarship essay. Facts, Fiction and Samples of Essay for Scholarship The simplest approach to submit an application for a scholarship is online. Scholarship is something which you're awarded in place of the acceptance of your brilliant work. A scholarship essayis part of ascholarship application. Receiving the Gilman scholarship would help it become feasible for me to cover the program price. A scholarship essay is a significant document which is used in the processes of scholarship application. Furthermore, the writing norms and specified format is going to be taken into consideration whilst performing the undertaking. The application ought to be organized and the applicant has to be honest whilst writing scholarship application. The general format of your essay, for example, font size and margins, will solely rely on the instructions offered to you. Here's What I Know About Samples of Essay for Scholarship A wonderful scholarship essay enables the scholarship provider understand the actual person supporting the application and may be the trick to winning the award (assuming you satisfy the other scholarship criteria). Prove your worth there are lots of applicants that are hoping to have a scholarship. It's totally understandable that you might want to consult online sources for aid. Some scholarship sources need you to join their organization. Our writers stay in constant communication with the consumers as a way to make certain that the scholarship essays they write reflect the particulars of the particular clients. The schol arships you find are likely to fit into specific themes that you must have the ability to identify as a way to save your family time, frustration, stress, and most of all money. The letter may be general request for information form letter that could be photocopied, but you need to be specific in regards to the name of the scholarship you're inquiring about on the envelope. Considering all the knowledge areas and tips that you're already mindful of in writing a scholarship letter, it is possible to easily put together all of the info that you must make sure you and your scholarship letter will stick out. A sample is offered below for the better comprehension of students. Make certain your font size is able to make your discussion uncomplicated to read. In some instances, you can find it challenging to compose because of inadequate abilities, and therefore a sample winning scholarship essays would give the guidance you demand. Samples of Essay for Scholarship - What Is It? Ma ke notes of feasible ideas on what things to include in all sections of your essay. The essay is your opportunity to demonstrate how you are the perfect representative. Even though this kind of essay should only be 250 words long, you have to organize your ideas beforehand. Application essays normally have an obvious statement, a specific subject that has to be covered. Nursing Scholarship Essay Example There are several reasons someone might opt to enter the nursing profession. If you're asking for a scholarship, odds are you're likely to should compose an essay. Without knowing good essay making, your probability of going into an excellent college are slim. There are lots of things you can do to improve your probability of obtaining a scholarship and writing a scholarship essay is just one of it. Getting into one of the best colleges is the initial step towards a prosperous career. Now, almost all scholarship applications ask you to compose a scholarship essay as a port ion of the application. As you probably already know, applying for college is plenty of work. It's now simpler than ever to obtain a scholarship to return to school.

Management Accounting Planning States Organisation

Question: Discuss about the Management Accounting for Planning States Organisation. Answer: 1.a In the books of Russell Company Budgeted Income Statement For the year ended 30th June 2016 Particulars Amount ($) Particulars Amount ($) Direct materials 2,00,000 Sales 8,00,000 Plant wages 1,40,000 Closing inventories 1,80,000 Gross Profit 6,40,000 9,80,000 9,80,000 Expenses: By Gross Profit B/d 6,40,000 Insurance Factory 4,000 Maintenance Expense 28,000 Accounts Receivables 1,00,000 Accounts Payable 40,000 Depreciation factory 24,000 Office Salaries 80,000 Selling Expenses 60,000 Net Profit c/d 5,04,000 7,40,000 7,40,000 1.b In the books of Russell Company Budgeted Income Statement For the year ended 30th June 2016 Liabilities Amount ($) Amount ($) Assets Amount ($) Amount ($) Capital Stock 4,00,000 Current Assets Add: Net Profit 5,04,000 9,04,000 Cash 56,000 Bonds Payable 1,60,000 Fixed Assets Equipments 2,40,000 Utilities 16000 Buildings 4,00,000 Retained Earnings 3,52,000 10,64,000 10,64,000 1.c The uses of computer-based budget in sensitivity analysis are as follows; Sensitivity analysis helps in assuming the base of the budget for business man in determining the output affected by variations Sensitivity analysis is one of the statistical tool which helps in understanding the output and parameters of output Sensitivity analysis helps in finding the optimal levels of raw materials prices number of employees etc (Guenther et al. 2015). 1.d The choice of responsibility affects the managers in decision-making level. Planning states that budget estimates help the managers in estimating the cost for measuring the performance and control of the organisation. Managers at cost centres have certain amount of control over the cost, which is associated with the business; however, the managers hardly have any control on the revenues (Drury 2013). Cost centres are the most widely used mode of responsibility centres for managers. 2.a Lamp Division 800 X $22 / hour 17600 Per Month Flash Light Division 450 X $22 / hour 9900 Per Month 2.b Lamp Division 700 X $22 / hour 15400 Per Month Flash Light Division 400 X $22 / hour 8800 Per Month 2.c Fixed costs $240,000 / 20000 practical capacity hours = $ 12 / hour Budgeted costs: Lamp Division (800 X $12 / hour) + (800 X $10 / hour) = 17600 Per Month Budgeted Cost: Flashlight Division (450 X $12 / hour) + (450 X $10 / hour) = 9900 Per Month 2.d Allocated costs for June: Lamp Division (800 X $12 / hour) + (700 X $10/hour) 16600 Per Month Allocated costs for June: Flashlight Division (450 X $12 / hour) + (400 X $10 / hour) 9400 Per Month 2.e From the above stated cost allocation it is noteworthy to denote that the procedure of Duel rate of cost allocation method is the most suitable mode cost allocation. 3.a Product Board Feet Sales value Percent Joint Cost Allocated 2 x 4's 60,00,000 18,00,000 45.0 X 2,80,000 1,26,000 2 x 6's 30,00,000 12,00,000 30.0 X 2,80,000 84,000 4 x 4's 20,00,000 9,00,000 22.5 X 2,80,000 63,000 Slabs 10,00,000 1,00,000 2.5 X 2,80,000 7,000 Totals 40,00,000 100.00% 2,80,000 Fraction of Production in Inventory Allocated Value of inventory 500,000 / 6,000,000 X 1,26,000 10,500 250,000 / 3,000,000 X 84,000 7,000 100,000 / 2,000,000 X 63,000 3,150 50,000 / 1,000,000 X 7,000 350 21,000 3.b Silver company has faced the issue of reporting in accounting systems leading to error in reporting. Silver company should make the use accounting principles to retrospectively comply with the accounting policies. Retrospective purpose of accounting principles will result the silver company to adopt the general accounting principles from the one, which it has been using before (Horngren et al. 2012). When changes are necessary it is up to the management of silver company to reflect the newly adopted accounting principles in the financial reporting process. This will enable the company to report the cumulative effect of the current year income statement. It is evident from the learnings that there is a problems associated with the purchasing method adopted by the company as the company has started purchasing ore from different parts of the world which requires considerable amount of cost (Hoskin et al. 2014). With difficult method of extraction the cost raw material increases emphatically which emphatically shots up the cost of finished product. Therefore, silver company should purchase ore from a specified mines rather than going for different parts of the world. 4. Companies often have different form of subsidiaries, which require them to transfer goods and service back and forth. Cost based transfer pricing is defined as the method of transferring products from one of the subsidiary to another subsidiary (Chen et al. 2015). It creates an impact on the behaviour of the subsidiaries, which might have the implications for the company as a whole. There are numbers of ways through which an organisation can avoid making suboptimal decision-making and these are as follows; A company can make subsidiary transfer of its products to another subsidiaries at cost where as the subsidiaries add their cost to the product (Lin et al. 2013). This represents that the final subsidiary that sells the completed goods to the third party will recognise the entire profit, which is associated with the product. For example, Whistle Electric is the compact batteries producers for varieties of mobile applications. The company was bought up by Razor electric in order to assure supply of batteries for all electric lawn mowers. The management of Whistle Electric did not have any option to drive down the cost. Therefore, the company decides to sell of its business since it has lost 80% of its staff. The company transferred the management to Razor Ltd since its all profits has been vanished. Reference list Chen, C.H., Ycesan, E., Dai, L. and Chen, H.C., 2012. Optimal budget allocation for discrete-event simulation experiments.IIE Transactions,42(1), pp.60-70. Deegan, C., 2013.Financial accounting theory. McGraw-Hill Education Australia. DRURY, C.M., 2013.Management and cost accounting. Springer. Guenther, E., Jasch, C., Schmidt, M., Wagner, B. and Ilg, P., 2015. Material Flow Cost Accountinglooking back and ahead.Journal of Cleaner Production,108, pp.1249-1254. Hiromoto, T. and Hiki, F., 2015. Cost Accounting.Theory and Practice 3th Edition, CHUOKEIZAI-SHA HOLDINGS. Horngren, C., Harrison, W., Oliver, S., Best, P., Fraser, D. and Tan, R., 2012.Financial Accounting. Pearson Higher Education AU. Hoskin, R.E., Fizzell, M.R. and Cherry, D.C., 2014.Financial accounting: a user perspective. Wiley Global Education. Lin, J., Teng, S., He, D., Pujowidianto, N.A., Li, J., Zhang, S., Lee, L.H., Chew, E.P. and Chen, C.H., 2013. Optimal Computing Budget Allocation Framework. InStochastic Simulation Optimization for Discrete Event Systems: Perturbation Analysis, Ordinal Optimization, and Beyond(pp. 175-202).

Linguistics in Opera and Libretto

Introduction Opera is performed using theatrical scenes where the art involves a combination of singing and dramatization. This kind of text is referred to as the libretto. It was a very popular form of art in early Europe. Opera remains popular today in some quarters of the society. The art brings together singing, speaking as well as acting. All these activities are performed in an opera house which is specifically designed for such purposes (Kennedy 62).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Linguistics in Opera and Libretto specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Linguistic on the other hand is the exploration of human language and its origin, revolution as well as application of the language. The application encompasses the use of morphology, syntax as well as the phonology in the composition of words. The meaning of language has been explored by analyzing the meaning of other forms of art in the real world. This is with the view of understanding the origin of opera from different backgrounds. This means that opera can be analyzed from a linguistic perspective. The opera is characterized by features such as the stage, orchestra pit and an audience area among others. Some operas are designed to accommodate various aspects of linguistic analysis. This is especially so considering the fact that operas were very popular in England and other countries during the early centuries. A comprehensive analysis of linguistics in opera can be achieved by looking at the origins of this form of art. This is given the fact that linguistics in opera is influenced a great deal by the origins of this art. It is noted that the art originated in Italy towards the end of the 16th century. It later spread to other parts of the world especially in Europe. To date, the operatic terminologies in these countries are referred to as the libretto (MacNutt 101). This is an indication of linguistics in opera. The origins of opera are evident in today’s compositions where aspects of Italian language are incorporated. This is given the fact that most of them have retained the original Italian characteristics such as accent and others. Such aspects help in tracing the common origin of today’s opera performances as far as linguistics is concerned.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In this paper, the author is going to look at the use of linguistics in opera. The author will make reference to librettos from operas in English from England and the United States of America. Examples of linguistic operas will be put into perspective in a chronological sequence. The aim here is to depict the link between the two fields of linguistics and opera. History and Origin of Opera from a Linguistic Perspective Before embarking on the critical analysis of the link between opera and linguistics, it is important to look at the history and origins of opera as a form of art. This will give the reader an idea of what opera is all about. It will also give the reader an idea of how contemporary opera differs from classical compositions and performances. The word opera is an Italian word implying â€Å"work† when translated. When loosely translated, opera involves the combination of â€Å"†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.works from acting declamation in opera house stage† (Kennedy 75). Jacopo Peri is considered as the pioneer of this form of art. Dafne is actually a piece of work that was originally produced by Peri and it remains one of his most popular compositions. A group of Camerata found out that the entire opera was performed by the Greek dramas. So far the idea was to conceive and restore the traditional art. On a sad note, Dafne was lost and Peri was forced to come up with a new composition, the Euridice. This is the only opera that is still performed to date. It is to be noted that singing wa s an important aspect of opera (Warrack Ewan 25). Libretto Libretto is an elongated piece in form of music found in many categories of performances such as opera and cantanta. The word in some cases is associated with liturgical works such as the requiem as well as the expression of a story in ballet. Like opera, libretto also has an Italian origin, creating a link between it and linguistics. It literally translates into a book as already indicated in this paper. Libretto is different when compared to other forms of art like synopsis. In libretto, the distinction is evidenced by the fact that it contains words (linguistics) as well as stage directions. Synopsis on the other hand is used to give a summary of the plot (Smith 31). Historically, the ballet users have described libretto in different ways. For instance, libretto was recorded in a book of between 15 and 40 pages that contained ballets describing one scene or another.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Linguistics in Opera and Libretto specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This was in Paris in the 19th century. To this end, it is noted that the relationship between the composer and the writer of a given piece of music varies from one case to the other. This has varied the outcomes of such compositions for centuries. This is given that the writing criteria adopted as well as the sources used also varied (Simon 23). The language used in the composition varies from one case to the other. Metastasio is an example of well known librettists in Europe. It was used by a composer and a writer in a practice commonly known as poetry. Poetry is part of linguistics, and at this juncture, the author notes that it is also part of opera. In some cases, libretto has been written before music. Some composers used this idea in their creations. This is composers such as Mikhali Glinka and Alexander Serov who wrote down passages without accompanying texts. T his was later to be modified by composers when vocalizing the lines (Smith 43). Linguistics in opera is also evident in opera of the 20th century. It is to be noted that opera was widely used in America in the 20th century. Richard Rodgers is an example of a great composer who used this art in collaboration with other librettists. In other relationships as far as libretto and linguistics are concerned, composers designed their own libretti. Other librettos established a close relationship with composers so that all works of opera could reflect a common origin. The common origin could be deduced from the language that was used. Ingredients from other traditions were also effective in composition. But the efficiency improved when they were â€Å"combined under one work as far as composing and writing is concerned† (MacNutt 20). In this case, the opera will not clash with the play in attempts to accommodate other linguistics works with different origins. In cases where there was a need to combine works with different origins, it was necessary to put the script down in the presence of all the composers and the writer (Warrack Ewan 43).Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More English Language Opera and Linguistics Opera was first used in England in the 17th century. The piece was performed towards the end of a play. It was frequently characterized by scandalous scenes which depicted a consistence use of the popular tunes phrased in a dialogue. In the same period, French operas were gaining roots in English courts. They had â€Å"†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..favorite splendors with scenes that were realistic† (Smith 22) in the plays. England had to use this kind of opera on the stage. Inigo Jones is credited as the pioneer of this art. He later became a quintessential specialist in all the productions (MacMurray Franzetti 26). The opera contained both songs and dances. Linguistic aspects were borrowed from different backgrounds for instance Italian and French which was taking hold in England. Opera revolution instigated the rise of linguistic elements from different artists. One such artist was Henry Purcell who also incorporated aspects of Italian language in his compositions. This is for example in his first work Dido and Aeneas. He centered his work on the semi opera type of format. The Fairy Queen is also one of the most famous works produced by Purcell. In this text, he was targeting the use of English in all versions of opera as an art. Dido and Aeneas Opera This is one of the English opera composed by Purcell. It was a libretto from Nahum Tate in the 17th century. This was the only work that had started to use English traditions after the inception of the Shakespearian linguistics. It is noted that the desire to use the English language in opera was common among emerging artists during the century (Apel 47). Opera Seria Long English compositions emerged later and the first English composer to venture here was Thomas Arne (Smith 24). He did this by experimenting with the Italian style, a process known as comic opera. This art became a huge success with many other pieces incorporated into the opera seria in Italian and English (MacM urray Franzetti 51). Opera seria dominated the stages till late 1830s and by then he was the only English composer to have gone beyond the Italian composition to produce a unique English composition with aspects of the Italian language. Linguistics was also evident in Balla opera where the composers incorporated some aspects of the English language. This is for example in The Love In Village (MacMurray Franzetti 58). As a result of this many native operas developed by incorporating aspects of the Italian language. Linguistics here was evident as the composers combined aspects of two different languages. The Yeomen of the Guard The 19th century English opera has been greatly influenced by linguistics elements. Many operatic conventions dominated London stages with emerging English composers taking the center stage. One English opera of this time was The Yeomen Of The Guard which was greatly recognized. It is a savoy opera that originated in Victorian England. The contributors to th is art included Gilbert and Sullivan who came up with compositions from scratch. Punch and Judy In the 20th century English opera was characterized by independent works from contributors such as Ralph Williams and Benjamin Britten. The two have greatly influenced contemporary theatre operas. This is after it emerged that English opera was being used in many parts of the world. For example the work of Sir Harrison The Punch and the Judy is not only Britain’s important opera art but also globally recognized (Silke 24). This work was evident in the 20th century and was performed in the American theatres. It was an indication that linguistics in opera was a common phenomenon across the globe. Using of puppets was an indication of how human behavior is linguistically transformed from one discipline to another (Silke 43) In the early 21st century, Harrison concentrated with the composition of other popular pieces such as â€Å"Facing the Goya†. English opera has therefore be come a significant ingredient of today’s opera world. For example, the National Lyric Stage involves the use of operas composed in the English language (Cooke 15). American Opera American opera became profound during the 20th century. The pioneers in American opera include Leonard Bernstein and Douglas Moor among others. Their works include The Porgy and Bess. They greatly influenced English opera as they performed music encrypted in English. It was characterized by folklores and American music comedies. They are the ones who popularized this form of art in America. On their part, they were influenced by composers and performers in operas found in other parts of the world (Kennedy 28). An American in Paris This is one of the compositions from America done by George Gershwin. It is a well defined opera incorporating aspects of the French language in 1922. In this art, French was used together with American English with the aim of using linguistics to depict the experience of a n American visitor in Paris (Smith 39). Other Contributions Still in the 20th century, other prominent opera arts include the Dead Man Walking which was successfully delivered through movie theaters. Another aspect of linguistics in opera can be discerned from the works of Italian opera composer Gian Carlo. The composer produced several librettos from America and became a great figure in American operas in this century. One of his works includes The Medium and The Consul. Some of his works featured in television performances (Kennedy 49). Conclusion In this paper, the author sought to look at the application of linguistics in opera. The aim was to study the link between linguistics and opera. All these involve the use of different languages hence linguistics in opera. The author used librettos from operas in English from England and the United States of America in identifying the link between the two fields. To this end, the researcher identified the link or the relationship between opera and linguistics. The author also looked at some of the key figures in English opera both in England and the United States of America. The origin of opera was also looked at. The paper found that the origin of opera can be used to analyze the link between opera and linguistics. This is given that there are some aspects of the original opera language that are evident in today’s opera. For example, some aspects of the Italian language are evident in today’s works of opera. Works Cited Apel, William. Harvard Dictionary of Music, Cambridge: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2011. Print. Cooke, Mervyn. The Cambridge Companion to Twentieth-Century Opera, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009. Print. Kennedy, Michael. The Oxford Dictionary of Music, Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 2006. Print. MacMurray, Jessica, and A. Franzetti. The Book of 101 Opera Librettos: Complete Original Language Texts with English Translations, London: Black Dog Levent hal Publishers, 2009. Print. MacNutt, Richard. The New Grove Dictionary of Opera, London: Prentice Hall Publishers, 2009. Print. Silke, Leopold. The Idea of National Opera c. 1800: United and Diversity in European Culture c. 1800, New York: Oxford University Press, 2006. Print. Simon, Henry. A Treasury of Grand Opera, New York: MacGrill Publishers, 2008. Print. Smith, Marian. Ballet and Opera in the Middle Age, Boston: Princeton University Press, 2009. Print. Warrack, John, and W. Ewan.The Oxford Dictionary of Opera, London: Oxford University Press, 2010. Print. This essay on Linguistics in Opera and Libretto was written and submitted by user Ishaan T. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Presidential Speech Essay

Presidential Speech Essay Presidential Speech sample: A number of issues are eminent in the modern day America. The nation is fighting against economic recession, political intolerance, rampant unemployment, derailed healthcare programs, and expensive foreign wars with perceived threats to American national security. Therefore, as a responsible president my government is proposing measures to transform the state of the United States economy into a more stability and realistic paradise where every American citizen is bound to make their dreams come true daily. Our wise and great founding fathers fought against foreign oppressions because they were ready to sacrifice their lives for our freedom. The modern American must be ready to make one final sacrifice to be part of the team whose main ambition is to transform our economy with a view to create viable employment and investment opportunities for our people. Transform American Healthcare to promote collective and secure healthcare scheme. Last but not least, the government is challenged by a proactive foreign and security policy that needs to change its policies to reduce expenditure of taxpayers’ dollars in foreign territories and wars that eventually benefit a few technocrats. Improving the economic situation For a long time, America is proud of having the most attractive and influential economy in the world; however, in the 21st century unlike before, population has tripled following high birth rate and doubled inflow of immigrants since America is a free and democratic nation. Therefore, the economy is experiencing a shock of providing enough jobs for over 300 million American nationals. The trend is unlikely to change unless we take the following dire measure. Government in-conjunction with representatives must enact a statute to check on mismanagement of government resources. Few previous government regimes overspend and overstretched the treasury forcing government to raise taxes that in turn lowered household incomes. My presidency promise to make credit available for institutions and individual Americans at a lowered tariff aimed to encourage growth of both small and medium business investors and multinational companies. International investors who were been keenly watching our dollar systems and wondering how the dollar was likely to pick up are amazed at the success and performance of our attractive capital markets investment policy that has seen a myriad of international competitive IPO sales for the first time since credit crunch hit America earlier in 2008. Improvement and Provision of Employment Opportunities One in every six Americans cannot find a decent temporary or full time career because American is not ready to sacrifice for a democratic future by sharing knowledge. Not only do jobs need to be increased, but also the wages need to increase through measures such as reduction in taxation rates across all sectors. Income, business, and national sales tax have to come down for production to pick up once more. Prosperity does not come through increase in spending, but increase in investment. By lowering taxes, the money that would have gone into government spending, which is usually unregulated and uncontrolled, will go into investment projects. The money left in the hands of the Americans will end up in the banks and other investment projects that will grow the American economy further. Better Healthcare Programs The healthcare system is now more expensive, yet less effective. The existing health care policies do not serve their purpose, and increase the amount Americans sacrifice in taxes to sustaining it. Major reforms are necessary to make sure that we have a healthy care plan that delivers on its purpose, and safeguards the health of the Americans. Stopping the Foreign war America needs to mind its own affairs before choosing to spend billions of the taxpayers kitty fighting unnecessary wars in foreign lands. Foreign lives costs more than just billions in dollars, lives of innocent American soldiers are lost fighting over issues that are of little benefit to the average American. Our troops and resources should be withdrawn from the far off nations and those resources be put to better use. The last thing we need is more damage in our foreign relationships by fighting against foreigners over vague issues such as national security, when we have much greater internal battles to win, on the economic, social, and political front. With the solving of these issues, America will be on its way to achieving greatness, and that every American will achieve his or her American Dream. Thank you!

Analyse how types of assessment are used in lifelong learning Essay

Analyse how types of assessment are used in lifelong learning - Essay Example Another form of assessment is interim assessment which takes place occasionally for a larger period of time. The feedback may be quick but not as immediate as formative assessment. It is a more formal type of assessment and is done using projects, tests and written assignments. In this assessment, the learner is given opportunity to re - demonstrate his/her understanding once the feedback is given. Interim assessment gives a chance to the teacher to analyze the differentiation of understanding among students. Summative assessment takes place at the end of a long learning process. The results of such an assessment will be used by the teacher or school. The result may take time to reach the student or parents. However, the feedback is limited and students are not re – assessed. Also, this assessment has the least impact on the improvement in the learning process of a

Baroque Artists of Europe Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Baroque Artists of Europe - Assignment Example Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio. Born September 1571, died July 1610. Operated in Sicily, Malta, Naples and Rome. Did realistic human states and used lighting to create drama in the emotional and physical states. Was trained by Simone Peterzano, who was trained by Titian. Did paintings, mostly for churches while in his twenties in Rome. Was popular with the chiaroscuro (movement from dark to light). Rose to fame in the 1600s after painting Calling of St Mathew and Martyrdom of Saint Mathew. Was a vandal, and had the pope issue a death warrant for him. Died of fever at age 38. Sir Peter Paul Rubens. Born June 1577, died 1640. A Flemish baroque painter who used sensuality, colour and movement to create emphasis. Is popular for creating landscapes, altarpieces and portraits regarded as allegorical and mythical. Had a large studio in Antwerp. Was knighted by several kings of England such as Phillip IV, and Charles I. Was introduced to art by Otto Van Veen and Adam Van Noort. Used to cop works of earlier artists such as Hans Holbein and Marcantino Raimondi. Gian Lorenzo Bernini. Born in December 1598, died November 1680. Was a renowned Italian artist, sculptor, and architect operating from Rome. His baroque was manifested in his sculptures. His style was depicting intense states of psychological human nature. Was so good at art he was perceived of as Michelangelo’s successor. Most of his themes were religious, and he used light sources to create points of focus. Was a great rival of Borromini.

Media And Communication Studies Problems In Encoding Media Essay

Media And Communication Studies Problems In Encoding Media Essay Introduction Communication is the basic instinct of human being. The interaction and communication process is complex. It directs the researchers to understand the way the cognition works. Latest researches have become more advanced in the context of encoding. CDA (critical discourse analysis) and DA (discourse analysis) have been prerequisite to understand the encoding process. Objectivity, especially in the field of journalism is of great concern. The factors influencing the cognition and the process of encoding have been of the great concern for the communication scholars. Encoding is an integral part of the communication process. With out encoding and decoding it is not possible to communicate and being communicated. If we exclude the encoding the concept of communication is not possible. Mass media in Pakistan like any other media across the globe is working under the lines of responsibility but it is essential to understand the problems in encoding. Process of encoding and decoding is part of everyday communication. Anchormen, news reporters and producers play an important role beyond many others in communication field. Agenda setting, opinions building for a particular purpose have been the major area of interest for the communication experts and the journalists. It is obvious in our daily news media that some hot issues summarily go beyond the surface and the new one take their place to mold the attention of the public from one point to an other. This may go successful in one way when the message is encoded perfectly and then the receiver of the message decodes it in the way the sender wants it. For the successful and objective communication certain studies have been conducted by the communication and language experts focusing especially to the problems in the encoding process. PART II Encoding Definition: Encoding is the translation of purpose, intention, or meaning into symbols or codes. (Communication theories: Origins, Methods, And Uses in Mass Media 3rd Edition) By Werner J. Severin James W. Tankard, Jr Mostly these symbols are in the form of numbers, letters or words. These symbols work like bricks in forming the structure of any language. Other shapes of the encoding can be a photograph, motion picture, musical note or in the form of any sound. Encoding is such a process which demands deep attention to understand. It is the part of our routine life. Communication is the vital part of our life. We can not remain in isolation and feel relief when we express our intentions and feeling to any other person. The process of communication involves the most important factor that is encoding. Encoding basically occurs in mind. In other words it is the process of mind in which our intentions and what so ever we want to communicate is converted or shaped into the form of words which may be in the written or spoken form or can be any kind of gesture. We do the encoding on the basis of our knowledge and our past experiences. It is prerequisite for the journalists and communication experts to understand the encoding and its impact on the objectivity of the news or the message being conveyed. Encoding and the Society: Communication works like blood in the body. The process of interaction and transmission of the intentions and ideas from one to other person requires the cognition to come in work. With out the encoding it is impossible to deliver ones intentions to the other. The process of the encoding and decoding follow each other. A person encodes the message in reaction to what he/she decodes. Encoding process is available at every stage. In the field of communication from interpersonal to mass communication; each level has encoding in the process of dissemination of the information. At the mass communication level media disseminate the information to diverse societies. In the societies electronic journalism has a great role in providing the information about daily happening. The general public is regularly exposed to news channels and construct the opinion on the basis of what they watch and listen. Opinion of a society plays important role in the power play at social and national level and even impacts the international power structure. Keeping in mind the importance of the social opinion, it has been the concern of the communication scholars to ensure the objectivity at every stage of news and information dissemination. The process of delivering the information at this level passes through various stages. From the ordinary witness at the crime scene to the reporter, from reporter to the news desk, from news desk to the anchor person and from anchor person to the audiences, the process of encoding is involved at each stage. To ensure the transparency in the information distribution, making it objective and to provide the reality till the audience, certain studies have been conducted by the communication scholars. In the latest studies the scholars have conducted the Critical Discourse Analysis to study the way social power abuse; dominance and inequality are enacted, reproduced and resisted by text and talk in the social and political context. It thus want to understand, expose and ultimately to resist the social inequality. Additionally the scholars have conducted the Discourse Analysis- a general term for a number of approaches to analyze written, spoken, signed language use. Encoding and the Language: In the process of encoding, language plays an important role. A group of students of the language which is called General Semanticists have worked over the encoding. They also have identified some characteristics of the language. These characteristics are essential to understand in understanding the encoding and the problems in its process. To understand the process of encoding in our society, individuals of the society and the media experts including communication experts and journalists it is essential to be known about these characteristics of the language. Media experts and journalists themselves go through the process of the encoding to shape their selections and intentions and the reality of the world around, and this afterwards again shaped by the minds of individuals in the society. At this point to save the objectivity and the purity of news and the affairs about the world around is the major concern. The misuse of the language takes the communicator or the person being communicated to certain amalgamations of the problems. Following are characteristics of the language identified by the General Semanticists: Language is Static; Reality is Dynamic Language is Limited; Reality is Virtually Unlimited Language is Abstract Assumptions Built into Languages Language is Static; Reality is Dynamic: Words themselves do not change over the period of time, yet the world around us is full of change. In the process of the evolution it is the natural phenomenon that certain species are not permanent in their shape and structure but they keep on developing time to time. In this case it is fact that we use the same fixed limitations and the words to describe any event or the world around. We use some specified words and attributes for certain things and events but with the passage of time their importance and area of influence keep on changing. Mass media communication experts especially the journalists use a specified vocabulary and terms to convey daily happenings. In the developing countries like Pakistan, the journalists in mass media field are not literal to the level essential for their work and the media here is in the developing stage; which has the potential risk to objectivity and the true tackling of the matter of the encoding in the sense of obtaining the information and imparting it to the masses but with the gradual rise in the education towards the importance and the responsibility in the news dissemination process is bringing a positive change. Language is Limited; Reality is virtually Unlimited: According to Wendell Johnson (1972) there are 500,000 to 600,000 words in the English language and they are to represent millions of individual facts, experiences and relationships. The people generally use limited vocabulary for their conversation in daily life. Miller (1963) says that vocabulary for telephone conversation is 5000 words and for novel are 10,000 words. Journalists and communication experts generally have the limited vocabulary. They come across various events in their daily life which they finally encode and give the shape of words and voice and broadcast for the audience and viewers. According to this characteristic of the language they can not show the exact reality of the event. This aspect in other words compromises the objectivity required in the news dissemination process. Due to having the limited vocabulary it becomes hard to convey the true picture of the reality. Language is Abstract: According to General Semanticists in the abstraction process we select some details about anything and leave rest of the details. Every language contains some abstractions. It is one of the most important features of the language. It allows us to think in categories. Much of the human knowledge is bound up in the process of categorizing and classifying. As the words become more abstract their correspondence to the reality becomes less and less direct. In the process of encoding especially according to the journalism perspective, objectivity is the foremost thing to consider. It has adverse effects if the audiences are not conversant to the encoding and abstraction processes. Assumptions Built into the Language: As General Semanticists say; the structure and vocabulary of the language contains many assumptions about the nature of the reality. Wendell Johnson observed that the language we use not only puts words in our mouths, but it also puts notions in our heads. Many folk languages contain certain assumption which are influenced by the culture and norms in which the speakers of that language live. Our mind is like a room which is colored by our experiences and cultures and when we speak in native or foreign language, that language builds assumptions in our mind besides putting words in our mouth. Misuses of the Language: General Semanticists have identified some misuses of the language due its static limited and abstract nature. They have identified four common misuses. Dead-Level Abstracting Undue Identification Two Valued Evaluation Unconscious Projection Dead-Level Abstracting: This concept, described by Wendell Johnson (1946) refers to getting stuck at one level of abstraction. The level could be high or low. High level abstractions are words like justice, democracy, freedom, mankind, and communism, peace with honor, and law and order. The low level abstraction can be like, some one recounting every detail of his or her day. An effective message contains generalizations at a high level of abstraction, but there are also specific details at a low level of abstraction. One effective technique for doing this is to give a lot of examples. (Communication theories: Origins, Methods, And Uses in Mass Media 3rd Edition) By Werner J. Severin James W. Tankard, Jr Undue Identification: General Semanticists have described the undue identification as, the failure to see distinctions between members of a category or class. This term points out that they are seen as identical or identified. Another term for this is categorical thinking. In everyday discourse, it is sometimes referred to as overgeneralization. One common kind of undue identification is stereotyping. (Communication theories: Origins, Methods, And Uses in Mass Media 3rd Edition) Two Valued Evaluation: This is also known as thinking with the excluded middle. According to this, there are only two possibilities of any thing and there is no third possibility of being something at the middle. For example: Right or Wrong Day or Night The General Semanticists have advised the way to eliminate such kind of misuse of the language by having the multivalued evaluation. In other words, to think that there are a range of possibilities of anything. Unconscious Projection: According to the General Semanticists the unconscious projection is a lack of awareness that ones statements are to a degree statements about oneself. Wendell Johnson (1972) went so for as to claim that basically we always talk about ourselves. William Shakespeare said, Nothing is good or bad, but thinking makes it so. It is the I behind the eye that does the seeing. The seeing goes on inside our heads and inside our nervous system. What we see is our response to what we look at. (Communication theories: Origins, Methods, And Uses in Mass Media 3rd Edition) PART III Literature Review Stuart Hall: Stuart Hall has worked over encoding. His paper encoding/decoding was published in 1973. Many of the terms set by Hall remained influential in the field of cultural studies. Hall explored this work during his stay at Birmingham. Hall worked on that how media messages are produced, circulated and consumed. His essay challenged three major things in the communication process. He argued that; Meaning is not simply fixed or determined by the sender. The message is never transparent. The audience is not passive recipient of the meaning. According to him, distortion is built into the system. It is not the failure of the producer or the viewer. He argued that there is lack of fit between two sides of communication exchange. That lack of fit is between the moment of the production of the message and the moment of its reception. In other words, there is lack of fit between encoding and the decoding process. Cultural theorist Stuart Hall developed the reception theory. This theory analyses that how readers (audience) receive the literary text. This is basically a textual analysis approach that focuses on the range of negotiation and opposition concerning to the audience. According to this theory the text in any form is not accepted passively but the audience or the readers interpret the meanings in their cultural backgrounds and the past experiences. As per this theory, the process of encoding going on in any persons cognition is always influenced by his cultural background and the past experiences of the life. General Semanticists: In the world of communication, encoding has been the matter of the great concern. A group of students of language which was named as General Semanticists, have worked on the problems of encoding. This group was at first led by the Alfred Korzybski, a Polish who later migrated to United States of America. Encoding as being the basic element in the communication process which deals with the work of cognition is unavoidable in the process of analyzing the communication and the interaction of human beings with each other and its effects. In the process of accounting the importance of the encoding we can not put aside the role of the language. The language as being the central tool in the process of the communication affects the whole process of sharing the ideas and interaction with each other. Focusing on the vitality and the role of the language in encoding, they have identified some characteristics of the language that make the encoding difficult-especially in the language. These scholars have been in concern with the role of language in our daily life and its effects over our mental health. They have suggested to use the language in the way as the scientists use, to avoid the problems generated by the misuse of the language. Describing the characteristics of the language which make the encoding difficult, they identified the language as; Language is Static; Reality is Dynamic Language is Limited; Reality is Virtually Unlimited Language is Abstract Assumptions Built into Languages Misuse of the language causes the wrong encoding of any purpose or intention which takes the person being communicated, away from the reality. The person who gratifies his needs for information and news is on the stake of the key performers in the information dissemination process such as media producers, anchor-persons and the news reporters. General Semanticists have also identified some misuses of the language. Wendell Johnson has the prominent work in this regard. The misuses of the language are; Dead-Level Abstracting Undue Identification Two Valued Evaluation Unconscious Projection According to Wendell Johnson, getting stuck to a level of abstraction, and basically we always talk about ourselves, are the matters of the great concern. The field of journalism like other communication activities requires more attention towards these findings by the General Semanticists. The element of the objectivity has been of great concern. S. I. Hayakawa (1964) discusses three kinds of statements focusing the objectivity. Reports Inferences judgment According to him, the statement which is capable of verification is called the report. He describes the inferences as the statements made about unknown on the basis of known and finally he discussed the judgment as an expression of approval or disapproval for an occurrence, person or object. Journalists are sometimes challenged for their objectivity and unveiling the true picture of reality. For this the Hayakawa has advised to follow the report method of the statements and avoid inferences, statements and slanting. Encoding and Mass Media in Pakistan: Mass media in Pakistan has been playing active role in dissemination of the information to the audience at every newsworthy occasion. Certainly there is no scarcity of the hardworking journalists working in the whole process of the communication and the news dissemination. At the present stage there is great competition going on among various TV channels, of which most of the channels are newly emerged. Being the first in the broadcasting race some times the violation of the standards and ethics of news reporting is obvious. Some of the channels have been showing the videos of such a brutal incidents which would never be shown under the codes of ethics. Whether it is print or the electronic media, loopholes in the process of information gathering, processing and distributing stages are apparent. Government has established PEMRA to regulate the media but it too has been kept under the influence of the interests of the governing body in the past. In the print media there are a number of news stories available at the news desks which are firstly encoded by the reporters in the words on the paper, which sometimes are not written properly due to limited vocabulary of the language held with the reporter. There are gatekeepers at various stages of the news production which practice their influence on the word structure of the news. Sometimes a few newsworthy stories are left behind due to unavailability of the space in the print and the time in the electronic media and that reserved space is due to the immense influence of the advertisers, through which mass media generate the revenue. In such above mentioned conditions, the objectivity is the element of great concern in the whole process of the mass media. There have been no work done over the issue of encoding by the mass media of Pakistan and there is no research held over the audience way of the encoding in Pakistan. There are a few channels (TV, Radio) and newspapers which are never influenced by the rivalry of the circumstances and tried to provide the objective news to the audience and vied to unveil the reality. But to analyze the way the mass media in Pakistan encodes the messages and to analyze the way the audience further encode the messages, is the matter of great concern. PART IV Hypothesis To analyze the objectivity and the encoding process by the news media it is essential to set a hypothesis. Under the hypothesis we will discuss the level of objectivity and the way how mass media especially the news media (print and electronic) of Pakistan and the audience encode the news. Statement of the Hypothesis News media (print and electronic media) in Pakistan politicize the news PART V Analysis Mass media in Pakistan has diverse outlets. It is not merely confined to the print media or in the other words the newspapers. There are news agencies, newspapers, magazines, radio, TV channels, internet and the movie industry under the title of the mass media in Pakistan. Debating on the issue of the encoding we will pass through the performance of the all kinds of media in Pakistan focusing on the issue of politicizing of the news elements by the media industry. Pakistan as being one of the developing countries is passing through the process of the evolution in the field of industry, economy and the media field. Where there are various TV channels are getting approval for the start of the broadcast, there many newly born newspapers are sacrificing for there erectness and stability in the corporate culture of the present Pakistan. Besides this there is one more way of recreation, learning and information for the audience and that is radio listening. The radio Pakistan enjoys the vast area coverage with respect to other FM radio stations having a limited area for broadcast. Internet too is full of blogs and WebPages. Society in Pakistan is divided into urban and rural population. The urban population is being exposed to diverse media outlets than the rural population. The emerging news media in Pakistan has been influenced by the political economy being practiced by various corporate and the political bodies. The newly emerging media whether in the form of print or electronic have to vie for their existence and their existence can not be assured with out generation of the revenue. The struggle to generate the revenue some times put these media industries on the way other than the objectivity. The objectivity has been the great concern for the communication experts and the scholars. It would be the foremost responsibility of the mass media to provide the accurate picture of the reality and do not keep the audience away from the reality. Encoding of the news is blurred by the various key players in the media industry due to their affiliations with the corporate world and the political body. Corporate sector influences the media by using the advertisement tool and the political body cares for its interest and if the media go against, it puts the sanctions through the governmental media regulating bodies. This way, the corporate and the political bodies control the contents of the news and other media messages and make the reporters, news editors, columnists, anchor persons and the news producers to think in the way they want. As the general semanticists identified, due to the limited aspect of the language the reporter sometimes can not describe the reality of the incident in the way as it should be. The assumptions built in the language makes the key performers in the media industry to think in the way that is influenced by their culture and past experiences. As the Wendell Johnson said, the opinions of the columnists are to some extent the talks about themselves. These are basically their opinions and not necessarily the reality of something. The element of the judgment according to the Hayakawa is also visible in the opinions given in the news articles and the columns. Reports are the only the way to come up with the reality for the audience. There are the reports that can only be verified and are credible thats why the emphasis is given on the report (a type of statements according to Hayakawa). The audience as per the uses and the gratification theory gratifies their needs from the mass media in the form of the news and the entertainment. And if they gratify their needs on the basis of the news encoded by mass media under the influence of any corporate or the political body, they will live with the wrong picture of the world around them in their brain and that will effect their reaction in the social life. Agenda setting aspect of the mass media is also applicable in this regard. The influential bodies and sometimes the personal bias of any of the key performers in the mass media molds the structure of the news in a particular sense generating collection of words which causes to set a particular agenda in the public. Sometimes the political influence of the political body being the major provider of the advertisements to the mass media makes news media to make an issue over particular news in the media and bury the other news which however may cause any harm to the political body. The contents of the news in the media are also affected by the advertiser which buys large space or the time in the news media and this way controls consciously or unconsciously the news flow and its encoding. Some of the events have been given more than the due time and rests of the important events are kept at the stand by although the newsworthy incidents keep happening all the time in any of the corners of the country. The news is not merely encoded by the news media but it is further encoded by the audience and it then further travels to the rest of the audience through their opinion leaders in the public sphere. If the encoding at any stage in the news media is of that other than reality and away from the objectivity, the travel of the information at any stage will not be fruitful for the audience. PART VI Findings News media in the Pakistan are encoding the news messages for the audience. Those media that are strong are practicing better encoding of the news and focusing on the element of objectivity than those which are newly born and needs revenue from advertisements for their strength building in the media market. The threat to the objective encoding is expected in the talk shows where the anchormen conclude the discussion and give inferences and judgments. This aspect is also visible in the news articles and columns which are basically their own opinions about the reality. Audiences further encode the messages based on what kind of encoding done by the news media they come across. They remain away from the reality if they are gratifying from the inobjective encoding by the news media. Thanks With Best Regards M Bilal Bhatti MS 1 Media Communication Studies IIUI, Islamabad